Views on COVID-19 and Vaccination

The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has rapidly instigated a
global pandemic. As of this writing, there are approximately 65 million documented cases of
infection worldwide, and over 1.5 million deaths. In the United States (US), coronavirus
disease 2019 (COVID-19) has disrupted the economy, overwhelmed healthcare system, led to
widespread school cancellations, and caused more than 274,000 deaths since March 2020. A
vaccine against COVID-19 is widely viewed as the key to controlling the pandemic and enabling
a return to "normal" life. Vaccine development is proceeding at an unprecedented pace with 10
vaccines currently in phase 3 trials. Experts have projected that a safe and effective
vaccine may be available by mid-2021. At the same time, a growing body of evidence indicates
that a significant proportion of adults in the U.S. may not accept vaccination against
COVID-19. Even more alarming, COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy (refusal or reluctance to accept a
vaccine) appears to be increasing as the vaccine approval process becomes increasingly
politicized. Just as efforts to develop vaccine production and delivery capacity have been
undertaken in advance of having a proven effective vaccine, parallel efforts are needed to
identify effective messages and communication strategies to overcome COVID-19 vaccine
hesitancy.

The study team recently surveyed a nationally representative sample of approximately 1,000
adults in the United States and found that only 57% intended to be vaccinated when a
coronavirus vaccine becomes available. This percentage was even lower among people who
identified as Black or Hispanic (39% and 43% respectively), those with a high school
education or less (46%), and those in the lowest income groups (49% of those reporting a
household income of $30,000 or less, compared to 72% of those reporting a household income of
$100,000 or more). The investigators asked those who indicated they would not or might not
get vaccinated for their reasons and found that some individuals may be willing to be
vaccinated if provided specific information about the vaccine such as side effects and
effectiveness. Others expressed generalized skepticism, fear, and distrust of vaccines, with
some even referring to anti-vaccine conspiracy theories. These findings are consistent with
an extensive body of research documenting that people often do not behave rationally and
highlight the urgent need to proactively develop and test interventions to maximize
vaccination rates when a coronavirus vaccine becomes available. To address this need, in the
present study, the investigators aim to create and test targeted messages to address the
concerns of subgroups of people at risk for not being vaccinated, with the ultimate goal of
maximizing vaccine uptake when a vaccine for COVID-19 becomes available. The investigators
will accomplish this by working with an existing online panel of volunteers, which will allow
efficient, focused data gathering. Results of the survey will provide a nuanced, current
description of how vulnerable adults perceive the coronavirus and available vaccines, which
will be used as the basis for developing messages and communication strategies. Participants
will be randomized to receive one of five different versions of a message from a healthcare
provider regarding vaccination. Specific wording and content of these messages will vary
systematically in order to address concerns of those at risk for not being vaccinated. This
project will ultimately result in a set of tested, evidence-derived messages about
vaccination for COVID-19. The investigators will make these messages available, together with
evidence of how these influence members of vulnerable populations' understanding of
vaccination, and disease risk, as well as intent to be vaccinated. The messages will be
freely available for use by organizations and providers seeking to improve communication
about a coronavirus vaccine.