The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) global pandemic caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has caused considerable morbidity and mortality in over 170 countries. Increasing age and burden of cardiovascular comorbidities are associated with a worse prognosis among patients with COVID-19. In addition, serologic markers of more severe disease including coagulation abnormalities and thrombocytopenia, are not uncommon among patients hospitalized with severe COVID-19 infection and are more common in patients who died in-hospital. As the COVID-19 pandemic continues to grow, there is a pressing need to identify safe, effective, and widely available therapies that can be scaled and rapidly incorporated into clinical practice. Understanding the putative mechanism of increased mortality risk associated with abnormal coagulation function and cardiac injury is critical to guide studies of promising therapeutic interventions. Published and anecdotal reports indicate that endothelial dysfunction and thrombosis are common in critically ill patients with COVID-19, including reports of diffuse microvascular thrombosis in the lungs, heart, liver, and kidneys. Patients with cardiovascular disease (CVD) and CVD risk factors are known to have endothelial dysfunction and a heightened risk of thrombosis. A recent study of COVID-19 inpatients from Wuhan, China observed that an elevated D-dimer level greater than 1 ug/mL was associated with an 18 times higher risk of in-hospital death, underscoring the importance of increased coagulation activity as a potential modifiable risk marker that may drive end-organ injury. Given the established link between endothelial dysfunction and thrombosis in patients with cardiovascular disease, and the association between coagulopathy and adverse outcomes in patients with sepsis, the association between increased coagulation activity, end-organ injury, and mortality risk may represent a modifiable risk factor among COVID-19 patients with critical illness. Therefore, we propose to conduct a randomized, open-label trial of therapeutic anticoagulation in COVID-19 patients with an elevated D-dimer to evaluate the efficacy and safety.
Patients identified as eligible through discussions with the primary care team and review of
the electronic medical record will be approached and consented as described above in "Subject
Enrollment" and "Procedures for obtaining consent".
For research purposes, 20mL of blood will be drawn and stored for biobanking at the following
timepoints: at baseline (i.e., after enrollment and before randomization), 5-7 days
post-randomization, and on the day of discharge.
After enrollment and blood collection, patients will then be randomized to therapeutic
anticoagulation (LMWH for most subjects but UFH for those with morbid obesity or moderate to
severe renal dysfunction as noted below) or standard of care.
Based on the MGH COVID-19 Treatment Guidance document, the risk stratification recommends
daily complete blood count (CBC), comprehensive metabolic panel (CMP), creatine kinase (CPK),
ferritin, C-reactive protein (CRP), and erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR). In addition,
PT, PTT, fibrinogen, and D-dimer are recommended to be checked every other day if in the ICU
or daily if elevated. Given that by virtue of the inclusion criteria of our study (i.e., a
D-dimer >1ug/mL), all of our patients will be within Category 3 and all of the above markers
will be obtained for clinical purposes and thus will also be documented for research
purposes. For clinical risk stratification, LDH is to be checked daily if elevated and
troponin to be checked q2-3d if elevated. If clinically indicated, procalcitonin will be
measured and IL-6 obtained in patients in Category 2 or 3 disease severity. If measured for
clinical purposes, LDH, troponin, procalcitonin, and IL-6 will be recorded for research
purposes.
Drug: Enoxaparin
Given the established link between endothelial dysfunction and thrombosis in patients with cardiovascular disease9, 10 and the association between coagulopathy and adverse outcomes in patients with sepsis11, the association between increased coagulation activity, end-organ injury, and mortality risk may represent a modifiable risk factor among COVID-19 patients with critical illness. Therefore, we propose to conduct a randomized, open-label trial of therapeutic anticoagulation in COVID-19 patients with an elevated D-dimer to evaluate the efficacy. Most patients will receive low molecular weight heparin however, unfractionated heparin (UFH) will be administered for those with morbid obesity or moderate to severe renal dysfunction.
Other Name: Array
Inclusion:
- COVID-19 positive on admission or during hospitalization (having been tested within
the past 5 days) with symptoms consistent with COVID-19 including fever (≥ 38C,
100.4F), pneumonia, symptoms of lower respiratory illness (e.g., cough, difficulty
breathing), loss of smell or taste, myalgias, pharyngitis, or diarrhea
- Admitted to the regular medical floor or intensive care unit (ICU) without severe ARDS
(P/F ratio<100)
- Elevated D-dimer (>1.5g/mL)
- Age>18 years and not older than 90
- Fibrinogen >100
- Platelets >50,000
- No prior intracranial hemorrhage or recent ischemic stroke or TIA within 6 months
- D-dimer > 1500 ng/ml
- No other clinical indication for therapeutic anticoagulation (e.g., deep vein
thrombosis [DVT], pulmonary embolism [PE], atrial fibrillation, acute coronary
syndromes, or extracorporeal membrane oxygenation)
Exclusion:
- Disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC) according to the International Society on
Thrombosis and Hemostasis overt DIC definition
- Hemoglobin (Hgb) <8 g/dl
- Hypersensitivity to heparin or heparin formulation including heparin-induced
thrombocytopenia
- Thrombocytopenia: platelets<50,000 platelets/ul
- Uncontrolled or active/recent bleeding including intracranial hemorrhage, signs of
active bleeding (e.g., blood transfusion within 30 days), any GI bleed within the past
6 months, or internal bleeding within the past 1 month
- High bleeding risk: significant closed-head or facial trauma within 3 months,
traumatic or prolonged CPR (>10min), or use of dual anti-platelet therapy
- Known or suspected pregnancy
- Recent (<48 hours) or planned spinal or epidural anesthesia or puncture
- If the patient is on other anticoagulants, antihistamines, nonsteroidal
anti-inflammatory drugs (i.e. aspirin) or hydroxychloroquine
- Uncontrolled hypertension
Abdurahman Khalil
Boston, Massachusetts, United States
Investigator: Abdurahman Khalil
Contact: 617-643-1452
akhalil1@mgh.harvard.edu
Rahul Sakhuja, MD
617-643-2403
RSAKHUJA@PARTNERS.ORG
Abdurahman Khalil
617-643-1452
akhalil1@mgh.harvard.edu
Rahul Sakhuja, MD, Principal Investigator
Massachusetts General Hospital