The on-going Wuhan coronavirus (COVID-19) outbreak has become the world's leading health headline and is causing major panic and public concerns. On January 30, 2020, the World Health Organization (WHO) declared that the new coronavirus outbreak as a Public Health Emergency of International Concern; and March 11, 2020, characterized COVID-19 as a pandemic. On March, 13, Europe become epicenter of the pandemic all countries in South America had been infected with at least one case. Health authorities, including WHO, have issued safety recommendations for taking simple precautions to reduce exposure to and transmission of the virus. Home stay is a fundamental safety step that can limit infections from spreading widely. Unfortunately, the mandated directives against travelling and participating in outdoor activities will inevitably disrupt the routine daily activities of tens of millions of people. Prolonged home stays may lead to widespread fear and panic, anxiety and depression, which in turn can lead to a sedentary lifestyle. Thus, while quarantine is a safe and priority measure, may have unintended negative consequences. These efforts to avoid human-to-human transmission of the virus may lead to spend excessive amounts of time sitting, reclining or lying down for screening activities (games, television, mobile devices); reducing energy expenditure that, consequently, lead to an increased in a range of chronic health conditions. Therefore, there is a strong health rationale for continuing physical activity in the home to stay healthy and prevent a wide range of psychological problems on people during outbreaks of infection. However, currently, there is no sufficient information on the psychological impact and mental health of the general public during the peak of the COVID-19 epidemic and a timely understanding of mental health status is urgently needed for society. To our knowledge, there are no research examining the psychological and social impact on COVID-19 on the general population. The aim of this research is to determinate the psychological responses in general population in order to understand the anxiety, depression and stress level during Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19) confinement period, and how the level of physical activity development during this exceptional period could be influence.
Setting and Participants The investigators will adopt a cross-sectional survey design to
assess the public's immediate psychological and level of physical activity response during
the epidemic of COVID-19 by using an anonymous online questionnaire. A snowball sampling
strategy, focus on recruiting the general public living in Ibero-America countries during the
epidemic of COVID-19, will be utilized. The online survey will be first disseminated to
contacts and participants will be encouraged to pass it on to others.
Procedure As the Governments recommended the public to minimize face-to-face interaction and
isolate themselves at home, potential respondents will be electronically invited by existing
study respondents. Participants will complete the questionnaires in Spanish through an online
survey platform (Google Forms). Information about this study was posted on a dedicated
website. All respondents will be provided with informed consent. Data collection will take
place over the confinement period.
Survey Development Previous surveys on the psychological impacts of SARS and influenza
outbreaks were reviewed. The structured questionnaire consists of questions that covered
several areas: (1) demographic data; (2) physical symptoms in the past 14 days; (3) contact
history with COVID-19 in the past 14 days; (4) the psychological impact of the COVID-19
outbreak; (5) mental health status; and (6) level of physical activity.
Sociodemographic data will be collected on gender, age, education, residential location days,
marital status, employment status, monthly income, parental status, and household size.
Physical symptom variables in the past 14 days included fever, chills, headache, myalgia,
cough, difficulty in breathing, dizziness, coryza, sore throat, and persistent fever, as well
as persistent fever and cough or difficulty breathing. Health service utilization variables
in the past 14 days will include consultation with a doctor in the clinic, admission to the
hospital, being quarantined by a health authority, and being tested for COVID-19. Contact
history variables will include close contact with an individual with confirmed COVID-19,
indirect contact with an individual with confirmed COVID-19, and contact with an individual
with suspected COVID-19 or infected materials.
The psychological impact of COVID-19 will be measured using the Impact of Event Scale-Revised
(IES-R). The IES-R is a self-administered questionnaire that has been well-validated in the
Spanish population for determining the extent of psychological impact after exposure to a
public health crisis within one week of exposure. This 22-item questionnaire is composed of
three subscales and aims to measure the mean avoidance, intrusion, and hyperarousal. The
total IES-R score will be divided into 0-23 (normal), 24-32 (mild psychological impact),
33-36 (moderate psychological impact), and >37 (severe psychological impact).
Mental health status will be measured using the Depression, Anxiety and Stress Scale
(DASS-21) and calculations of scores will be based on the previous study. Questions 3, 5, 10,
13, 16, 17 and 21 will form the depression subscale. The total depression subscale score will
be divided into normal (0-9), mild depression (10-12), moderate depression (13-20), severe
depression (21-27), and extremely severe depression (28-42). Questions 2, 4, 7, 9, 15, 19,
and 20 will form the anxiety subscale. The total anxiety subscale score will be divided into
normal (0-6), mild anxiety (7-9), moderate anxiety (10-14), severe anxiety (15-19), and
extremely severe anxiety (20-42). Questions 1, 6, 8, 11, 12, 14, and 18 will form the stress
subscale. The total stress subscale score will be divided into normal (0-10), mild stress
(11-18), moderate stress (19-26), severe stress (27-34), and extremely severe stress (35-42).
The DASS has been demonstrated to be a reliable and valid measure in assessing mental health
in the Spanish population. The DASS was previously used in research related to SARS.
The IPAQ short form will be used to measure physical activity level. Total physical activity
metabolic equivalent of task (MET)-minutes/ week will be calculated through the following
formula: sum of walking + moderate + vigorous MET-minutes/week scores. Using guidelines for
data processing and analysis of the IPAQ, participants will be divided into those who are
(≥600 MET-minutes/week) and those who are not (<600 MET-minutes/week) sufficiently active.
The IPAQ has been validated in adult populations from different countries showing acceptable
validity (Spearman's ρ = 0.30, 95% CI: 0.23-0.36) and reliability (Spearman's ρ = 0.81, 95%
CI: 0.79-0.82).
Statistical Analysis Descriptive statistics will be calculated for sociodemographic
characteristics, physical symptoms and health service utilization variables, and additional
health information variables. Percentages of response will be calculated according to the
number of respondents per response with respect to the number of total responses of a
question. The scores of the IES-R and DASS subscales will be expressed as mean and standard
deviation. The investigators will be linear regressions to calculate the univariate
associations between sociodemographic characteristics, physical symptom and health service
utilization variables, contact history variables, additional health information variables,
and the IES-S score as well as the subscales of the DASS and level of physical activity. All
tests will be two-tailed, with a significance level of p < 0.05. Statistical analysis will be
performed using SPSS Statistic 21.0 (IBM SPSS Statistics, New York, United States).
Other: Online Survey
Online survey completion through google app.
Inclusion Criteria:
- Subjects since 18 years of age currently in isolation situation
- Subjects from spanish speaking countries in situation of "Local transmission" by
COVID19
Exclusion Criteria:
-
Universidade da Sao Paulo
Ribeirão Preto, Sao Paulo, Brazil
Universidad Autonoma de Chile
Santiago, Región Metropolitana, Chile
Universidad de la República
Rivera, Uruguay
Alba Dr Camacho-Cardenosa, Doctor, Principal Investigator
University of Extremadura