Evaluation of Clinical Characteristics and Outcome of COVID19 Pneumonia in Assiut University Hospital

Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is defined as illness caused by a novel coronavirus now
called severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2; formerly called
2019-nCoV), which was first identified amid an outbreak of respiratory illness cases in Wuhan
City, Hubei Province, China. It was initially reported to the WHO on December 31, 2019. On
January 30, 2020, the WHO declared the COVID-19 outbreak a global health emergency.On March
11, 2020, the WHO declared COVID-19 a global pandemic, its first such designation since
declaring H1N1 influenza a pandemic in 2009. The incubation period for coronavirus disease
2019 (COVID-19) is believed to extend to 14 days, with a median time of 4-5 days from
exposure to symptomatic onset. In one study, 97.5% of symptomatic patients developed symptoms
within 11.5 days of becoming infected. Most patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19)
will experience the following (in descending frequency): Fever, Cough, Fatigue, Anorexia,
Shortness of breath, Sputum production, Myalgia.

Atypical presentations have been described, and older adults and persons with medical
comorbidities may have delayed presentation of fever and respiratory symptoms.

Less common symptoms (< 10%) include headache, confusion, rhinorrhea, sore throat, and
hemoptysis. Some patients have experienced gastrointestinal symptoms such as diarrhoea and
nausea prior to developing fever and lower respiratory tract signs and symptoms. anosmia may
precede the onset of respiratory symptoms. The most common serious manifestation of COVID-19
upon the initial presentation is pneumonia. Fever, cough, dyspnea, and abnormalities on chest
imaging are common in these cases. Bilateral distribution of ground-glass opacities (GGO)
with or without consolidation in posterior and peripheral lungs was the cardinal hallmark of
COVID-19. However, with further analysis of increasing cases, a diversity of interesting CT
imaging features were found, including crazy paving pattern, airway changes, halo sign,
Pleural changes including pleural thickening and pleural effusion, Vascular enlargement, Air
bubble sign, Lymphadenopathy, etc, which may shed light on the possible mechanism of lung
injury in COVID-19. On the laboratory aspect leukopenia, leukocytosis, and lymphopenia were
common among early cases. Lactate dehydrogenase and ferritin levels are commonly elevated.