Background: Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19), caused by Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), emerged as a potentially life-threatening disease in Wuhan, China, at the end of 2019. Since then, it has spread to almost 200 countries and infection rates are rapidly accelerating. Overactivation of T cells resulting in immune dysfunction, dysfunction of the renin angiotensin system, and antibody-dependent enhancement are thought to contribute to the cytokine storm that results in acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), culminating in death. In addition to causing respiratory symptoms, SARS-CoV-2 can cause diarrhea and has been isolated from the stool. SARS-CoV-2 binds to Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) on lung alveolar type 2 cells, but ACE2 is also expressed in the absorptive enterocytes from the ileum and colon. The diarrhea may be caused by increased intestinal permeability due to binding of these receptors by the SARS-CoV-2. Thus, an intervention to attenuate this cytokine storm may improve clinical outcomes in people with COVID-19. One such intervention is oral administration of serum bovine immunoglobulins, which decreases interleukin-6 (IL-6) levels safely with minimal side effects. Animal and human clinical studies have shown dietary supplementation with oral immunoglobulins improves mucosal immunity, specifically respiratory/pulmonary and GI mucosa, and decreases systemic inflammation, reducing the symptoms and severity of pulmonary inflammation and viral infections. Hypothesis: Dietary supplementation with EnteraGam® will decrease IL-6 levels and prevent disease progression in SARS-CoV-2 infected individuals. Objectives: To evaluate the effectiveness of the oral nutritional therapy EnteraGam® (serum-derived bovine immunoglobulin/protein isolate) to prevent disease progression of COVID-19 and to decrease IL-6 levels as compared to standard of care in subjects with COVID-19. Methods: Randomized open-label clinical study evaluating the effectiveness of EnteraGam® 10.0 g BID (every 12 hours) added to standard of care, as compared to standard of care alone, in subjects with COVID-19.
Subject population:
Outpatient and inpatient male and non-pregnant females ≥18 years old, diagnosed with COVID-19
in the emergency department or admitted to the hospital but not requiring invasive mechanical
ventilation or in the ICU.
Approximately 420 subjects will be randomized (2:1 ratio), 280 in the EnteraGam® arm and 140
in the control (standard of care) arm.
Nutritional intervention:
ImmunoLin is the active ingredient in EnteraGam®, a medical food developed and marketed by
Entera Health in the US since 2013. ImmunoLin is an edible bovine plasma-derived
immunoglobulin concentrate developed in 2001 as an immunoglobulin enriched plasma preparation
for the human dietary supplement market. ImmunoLin is Generally Regarded as Safe (GRAS)
following a letter of no objection from the US FDA in 2008. Physicians have prescribed
EnteraGam® for patients with a variety of GI-related conditions.
Statistical methodology:
Efficacy: Based on per protocol analysis. Subjects lacking an assessment at Week 2 will be
included in the analysis using the last available post-baseline data. Three pre-specified
secondary analyses will be performed: 1) restricted to subjects with a comorbidity considered
a major risk factor for hospitalization and disease severity (diabetes, cardiovascular
disease, chronic lung disease, chronic renal disease, immunocompromised state); 2) restricted
to age ≥ 50 years; 3) by inpatient only and outpatient only subgroups.
Additional analysis of covariance models with adjustment for Baseline characteristics and
interactions may be examined in supportive or exploratory analyses.
Safety: All safety analyses will be based on all subjects who are randomized to EnteraGam and
subsequently receive at least 1 packet of investigational product. Safety assessments will be
analyzed by frequency of events/abnormalities for categorical values or summarized using
descriptive statistics (mean, standard deviation, median, range, and number of observations).
Dietary Supplement: Bovine Plasma-Derived Immunoglobulin Concentrate
EnteraGam® 10.0 g, containing 5.0 g of serum-derived bovine immunoglobulin/protein isolate (SBI) BID (every 12 hours) for 2 weeks.
Other Name: EnteraGam®
Other: Standard of care
Standard of care PSMAR protocol for COVID-19 patients.
Inclusion Criteria:
1. Subject is ≥18 years of age.
2. Male or female. Females of childbearing (reproductive) potential must have a negative
urine pregnancy test at screening.
3. Subject with diagnosis of COVID-19 based on + RNA or immunoglobulin M (IgM) test or
compatible clinical presentation* who:
1. is being discharged from the emergency department without hospitalization, or
2. is admitted to the hospital or was previously hospitalized and still in the
hospital, does not require invasive mechanical ventilation and does not require
management in the intensive care unit. Inpatients can be enrolled in the study at
any time of their hospitalization, if they comply with the inclusion criteria.
(*)Compatible clinical presentation will consider compatible symptoms (cough, fever,
myalgia, dyspnea, ageusia / anosmia) and examination of general condition, heart rate
and respiratory rate, oxygen saturation, cardiopulmonary auscultation, compatible
radiology.
4. Ability to consume EnteraGam.
5. Subject or surrogate decision maker is capable of understanding the requirements of
the study, understands the language of the informed consent form, and is capable and
willing to sign the informed consent form.
Exclusion Criteria:
1. Female subjects who are pregnant or breast-feeding.
2. Subject is enrolled in another randomized clinical trial.
3. Subject is taking anti-IL-6 treatment (e.g. tocilizumab), anti-IL-1 treatment (e.g.
canakinumab, anakinra), or other biologic immunomodulators or immunosuppressant drugs.
Note: Topical/inhaled immunomodulators and corticosteroids are not restricted.
4. Subject has immediate need for GI surgery or intervention for active GI bleeding,
pancreatitis, peritonitis, intestinal obstruction, or intra-abdominal abscess.
5. Subject has active inflammatory bowel disease (e.g., ulcerative colitis, Crohn's
disease, or celiac disease), GI malignancy, GI obstruction, pancreatitis,
gastroparesis, carcinoid syndrome, amyloidosis, ileus, or cholelithiasis.
6. Subject has active gastric ulcer, duodenal ulcer, diverticulitis, colitis, enteritis,
infectious gastroenteritis, or GI neoplasm, other than benign polyps.
7. Subject has a history of allergy or intolerance to beef or to any ingredient in the
product.
8. Subject has active drug or alcohol abuse that in the opinion of the investigator may
interfere with the subject's ability to comply with this protocol.
9. History of uncontrolled psychiatric disorders (includes significant depression or
suicidal ideation), that in the opinion of the investigator may interfere with the
subject's ability to comply with this protocol.
10. In the opinion of the investigator, progression to death is imminent and highly likely
within the next 24 hours.
Hospital del Mar
Barcelona, Spain