Initial case reports and cohort studies have described many clinical characteristics of patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), an emerging infectious disorder caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). In early COVID-19 studies, some evidence has been provided that electrolyte disorders may also be present upon patients' presentation, including sodium, potassium, chloride and calcium abnormalities the aim of the study is Identification of elements that affect COVID-19 pathology to improve survival and decrease mortality rate.
SARS-CoV-2 invades human cells through binding angiotensin I converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) on
the cell membrane. ACE2 is widely distributed in many types of human tissues, especially in
the vital organs, such as heart, liver, kidney, and lungs. ACE2 is viewed as the principal
counter-regulatory mechanism for the main axis of renin-angiotensin system (RAS) that is an
essential player in the control of blood pressure and electrolyte balance. The final effect
is to increase reabsorption of sodium and water, and thereafter increase blood pressure and
excretion of potassium (K+). Besides, patients with COVID-19 often had gastrointestinal
symptoms such as diarrhea and vomiting
Early studies proved that high percentage of COVID-19 patient were presented with electrolyte
disorders, including sodium, potassium, chloride and calcium abnormalities. Such electrolyte
disturbances have important implications not only for patient management but also for
identifying potential pathophysiologic mechanisms underlying COVID-19 that could drive novel
therapeutic opportunities
Other: electrolytes
measuring level of electrolytes
Inclusion Criteria:
- Patients ≥ 18 years old who were confirmed by the real-time PCR on the respiratory
tract samples as positive of SARS-CoV-2.
Exclusion Criteria:
- Patients who had other causes of electrolyte disturbances (9):
- Chronic organ dysfunction (e.g., hepatic or renal dysfunction),
- Terminal cancer, immunodeficiency, and
- Patients with a history of long-term use of hormones & Diuretics were excluded.
Zagazig University
Zagazig, Egypt