This pragmatic 3-arm randomized controlled trial is conducted within the primary health care setting. The trial evaluates the effectiveness of a personalized eHealth intervention based on a hip-worn accelerometer, smartphone application and cloud service (www.exced.com) with or without face-to-face and telephone counselling contacts on physical activity (PA) compared to usual care in increasing daily PA and reducing sedentary behavior (SB) among type 2 diabetes (T2D) patients.The duration of the intervention period is 6 months, after which there is a 6 month follow-up for evaluating the maintenance of anticipated intervention effects. The primary goal of the intervention is that the T2D patients increase their daily number of steps by replacing SB with low intensity PA. The secondary goal is to increase short bouts of moderate-to-vigorous PA according to personal goals. It is expected that the eHealth intervention complemented by individual counselling is the most effective in reaching the goals, and the eHealth intervention is more effective than usual care. Measurements are done at baseline, after the 6-month intervention, and after the 6-month follow-up. Participants' one-week PA and SB are measured with a hip-worn triaxial accelerometer and analyzed with validated algorithms. Cardiorespiratory fitness is assessed with a validated 6-minute walk test. Diabetes-related metabolic biomarkers (HbA1C, LDL-c, HDL-c, oxidized LDL and HDL lipids) and cardiovascular risk factors (blood pressure, BMI, waist circumference) are measured with standard laboratory methods. Quality of life is assessed by RAND-36 method. The interventions are evaluated with RE-AIM (Reach, Effectiveness, Adoption, Implementation and Maintenance) method. Besides effectiveness, RE-AIM methods evaluates the target group reach and adherence; provider adoption; intervention fidelity; maintenance of the changes in PA and SB behavior, biomarkers and CVD risk factors; intervention transferability to clinical practice; adverse events; and patient and provider satisfaction. Unexpectedly, the COVID-19 pandemic in spring 2020 led to substantial restrictions in outdoors mobility of T2D patients and their access access to health care in Finland, facts that frustrated the planned implementation of the original intervention, related measurements and their scheduling. This means that not all planned measurements could be done at all or at the scheduled time point. Irrespective of the time of recruitment, all follow-up measurements are done from June to September 2020. Notwithstanding the COVID-19 pandemic annulled the original intervention, the collected data yet provides unique insights into measured physical activity, fitness and metabolic biomarkers of T2D patients before and during the COVID-19 pandemic and consequent restrictions.In addition, the data allows to evaluate the implementation of eHealth approach and face-to-face and telephone PA counselling contacts within the primary health care setting.
Behavioral: eHealth +counselling contacts
The 6 month eHealth intervention comprises continuous self-monitoring of PA and SB using hip-worn accelerometer and ExSed application, which gives cloud-computed personal feedback about accelerometer-measured PA and SB on smartphone and provides a platform for a health care professional to set and monitor patient's personal activity goals as well as give personalized feedback to the patient. In addition, instructions and video-demonstrations on how to reach the goals are provided via Internet. The eHealth intervention is complemented by face-to-face and telephone counselling on physical activity which comprises 4 to 6 contacts between a health care professional and the patient as well as at least 3 telephone contacts during 6 months.
Behavioral: eHealth
The 6 month eHealth intervention comprises continuous self-monitoring of PA and SB using hip-worn accelerometer and ExSed application, which gives cloud-computed personal feedback about accelerometer-measured PA and SB on smartphone and provides a platform for a health care professional to set and monitor patient's personal activity goals as well as give personalized feedback to the patient. In addition, instructions and video-demonstrations on how to reach the goals are provided via Internet. No telephone calls nor face-to-face counselling contacts on physical activity are taken.
Behavioral: Usual care
Usual care and councelling given to type 2 diabetics within the primary health care setting.
Inclusion Criteria:
- a diagnosed type 2 diabetes
- a prescheduled appointment with a health care professional regarding PA counselling in
primary care settings of North Karelia Hospital District, Finland
- body mass index <40
- does not meet the current PA recommendation for health
- is able to conduct six minute walk test.
Exclusion Criteria:
- any problem that limits ability to walk without an aid
- any health problem that hinders participation in light to moderate intensity PA,
- not able or willing to use smartphone
- not willing to wear the research accelerometer at the baseline
North Karelia Hospital District
Joensuu, Finland
Tommi Vasankari, MD, PhD, Principal Investigator
UKK Institute