The COVID-19 and Healthcare Workers: An Active Intervention

Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has widely and rapidly spread around the world. To
effectively respond to the COVID-19 outbreak, various governments have implemented rapid and
comprehensive public health emergency interventions that include social restrictions and
quarantines, which is the separation and restriction of movement of people who might have
been exposed to the virus. While the physical risk (e.g. pneumonia, respiratory breakdown) is
getting the most scientific and clinical attention, this outbreak also has significant mental
health risks and extreme psychological fear-related responses. Psychological responses to
previous large-scale outbreaks, particularly to the Ebola Virus Disease (EVD) epidemic during
2014-2016, provide insight into the potential impact of rapidly spreading diseases on mental
health problems. During the Ebola outbreak, fear-related behaviors such as stigmatizing
infected survivors and ignoring medical procedures impeded public health efforts and
negatively affected the recovery of survivors. Anxiety, posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD),
and depression were found in nearly half of the EVD survivors and their contacts.

The COVID-19 outbreak exceeds the scope and magnitude of most previous disasters over the
last 100 years. It entails a blend of risk factors for both acute and long-term mental health
problems. Data that is started to emerge from the COVID-19 outbreak, suggest that front lines
health workers (doctors; nurses) are particularly at risk. A recent study in 1257 health care
workers from 34 hospitals, conducted between January 29 to February 3, 2020, revealed that
more than half (50.4%) of the health workers were screened positive for depression, 44.6% for
anxiety, and 34.0% for insomnia. Consistent with previous disaster studies a dose-response
relationship was found between the level of exposure and outcomes. Others may develop a moral
injury, profound psychological distress which results in actions, or the lack of them, which
violet one's moral or ethical code. Given the magnitude of the COVID-19 outbreak, its risk to
physical and mental health, an effective and timely response is essential to address the
psychosocial needs associated with the ongoing exposure to disease, death, and distress among
health care providers, across low and high risks areas.

Many health care providers reluctant to seek support from friends and family, as well as
mental health care due to stigma and fear (e.g., "it would be too embarrassing", "I would be
seen as week"). Despite enduring symptoms, they may wait months to years before they seek
help. Among reasons to avoid seeking mental health care, individuals report mistrust in
mental health providers, being seen as weak or stereotyped as "crazy", and a belief that they
may be responsible for having mental health problems. Applying strategies to reduce stigma
and fear towards mental health care and improve help-seeking behavior may ameliorate impaired
functioning and reduce risks for long-term psychiatric illness.

Previous studies have shown that social contact is the most effective type of intervention to
reduce stigma- related attitudes and to improve help-seeking behavior. Social contact
involves interpersonal contact with members of the stigmatized group: members of the general
public who meet and interact with individuals who suffer from stress, fear, depression, or
anxiety and seek mental health care, are likely to lessen their stigma. Corrigan has
identified the most important ingredients of contact-based programs: an empowered presenter
with lived experience who attains his/her goals (e.g., "I was able to fight the
depression/distress that I had following the COVID-19"). While both direct, in-person social
contact and indirect, video-based social contact have effectively improved attitudes toward
mental issues and care, the latter can be implemented on a larger scale, use a minimal
resource and easily disseminated.