Convalescent Plasma for Treatment of COVID-19 Patients With Pneumonia

There are no proven treatments for coronavirus disease (COVID-19) and associated pneumonia
caused by Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). Recent experience in
China suggests that convalescent immune plasma(CIP)may be an effective treatment for
COVID-19. In the pandemic situation where there are no vaccines for COVID-19, specific
antibodies in convalescent plasma induced by infection may provide passive protective
immunity. Passive antibody therapy was the first immunotherapy dating back to the 1890's for
the treatment of infectious diseases before the development of antibiotics 1940's. Experience
from prior outbreaks with other coronaviruses, such as SARS-CoV-1 shows that such
convalescent plasma contains neutralizing antibodies to the relevant virus. In SARS-CoV-2,
passive antibody therapy from CIP probably provided protection by viral neutralization. CIP
was also used in the 2013 Ebola epidemic. A small non-randomized study in Sierra Leone
revealed a significant increase in survival for who received CIP4. CIP administration is the
only approach that provides immediate immunity to patients who have been exposed or who have
active disease.

This approach is immediately available from individuals who have recovered, are viral
free,and can donate immune plasma (IP) containing high titer neutralizing antibodies. Passive
antibody therapy can be given to a patient recently exposed or a patient who is developing an
infection with COVID-19 by obtaining plasma units from immune individuals by standard
plasmapheresis using FDA-approved blood banking procedures, cross matching the unit(s) to the
recipients and infusing the unit(s) using standard transfusion procedures for blood products.
Based on the safety and long-term experience with plasma infusions, plasma exchanges, and
other procedures involving plasma or plasma product, this protocol was designed as a phase II
single arm trial that involves the administration of antibodies to a given agent to a
susceptible individual for the purpose of preventing or treating an infectious disease due to
that agent.

The only antibody formulation that is available for emergent use is that found in
convalescent plasma. As more individuals contract COVID-19 and recover, the number of
potential donors will increase.

The principle of passive antibody therapy is that it is more effective when used for
prophylaxis than for treatment of disease. When used for therapy, antibody is most effective
when administered shortly after the onset of symptoms. The reason for temporal variation in
efficacy is not well understood but could reflect that passive antibody works by neutralizing
the initial inoculum, which is likely to be much smaller than that of established disease.
Alternatively, antibodies may dampen the early inflammatory response leaving the infected
individual asymptomatic. For example, antibody therapy for pneumococcal pneumonia was most
effective when given shortly after the onset of symptoms and was of no benefit if antibody
therapy was delayed beyond the third day of disease. For passive antibody therapy to be
effective, a sufficient amount of antibody must be infused. The antibody will circulate in
the blood, reach tissues,and provide protection against infection. Depending on the type of
antibody, amount, and composition, the half-life can vary from weeks to months. It is under
these circumstances, the investigators plan to treat patients who are sick enough to be
hospitalized before the onset of overwhelming disease involving a systemic inflammatory
response, sepsis, and/or ARDS.