A recent report in Physiolological Reviews proposed that the endogenous protease plasmin acts on SARS-CoV-2 by cleaving a newly inserted furin site in the S protein portion of the virus resulting in increased infectivity and virulence. A logical treatment that might blunt this process would be the inhibition of the conversion of plasminogen to plasmin. Fortunately, there is an inexpensive, commonly used drug, tranexamic acid, TXA, which suppresses this conversion and could be re-purposed for the treatment of COVID-19. TXA is a synthetic analog of the amino acid lysine which reversibly binds four to five lysine receptor sites on plasminogen. This reduces conversion of plasminogen to plasmin, and is normally used to prevent fibrin degradation. TXA is FDA approved for the outpatient treatment of heavy menstrual bleeding (typical dose 1300 mg p.o. TID x 5 days) and off-label use for many other indications. TXA is used perioperatively as a standard-of-care at UAB for orthopedic and cardiac bypass surgeries. It has a long track record of safety such that it is used over-the-counter in other countries as an antiviral and for the treatment of cosmetic dermatological disorders. Given the potential benefit and limited toxicity of TXA it would appear warranted to perform randomized, double-blind placebo controlled exploratory trial at UAB as a prophylactic antiviral treatment following exposure to COVID-19 in order to determine whether it reduces infectivity and virulence of the SARS-CoV-2 virus as hypothesized. Involvement of each patient is only for 7 days before primary endpoints and 30 days for final data collection.
Patients who are self-identified as having had close personal contact with an individual who
has tested positive for COVID-19 will be invited to enroll in the study. On Day 1 they will
be consented and randomized to one of two arms of the study: Arm 1 will consist of a 5 day
treatment with tranexamic acid (TXA; 1300 mg p.o. TID x 5 days) and Arm 2 will consist of a 5
day treatment with an identical appearing placebo. All subjects will be tested using
nasopharyngeal RNA swabs for the presence of the SARS-CoV-2 virus on Days 1 and 7. The
primary endpoint will be conversion from a negative test for COVID-19 on Day 1, to a positive
test on Day 7. Secondary data related to symptoms and co-morbidities will also be gathered.
Subjects who are positive for COVID-19 on Day 1 will not be included in the primary endpoint
analysis for this study, but will receive the same 5 days of treatment and their data used
for secondary analyses including safety.
All subjects in Arm 1 will also be treated with apixaban (5 mg p.o. BID x 5 days) to mitigate
potential risks associated with hypercoagulability which have been noted in COVID-19 patients
and which could be made worse with TXA treatment. The subjects in Arm 2 who received placebo
in place of TXA will receive a second placebo tablet in place of apixaban.
Patients will be consented via the existent mechanisms associated with outpatient recruitment
for all COVID-related studies at UAB. Consent would be performed remotely. All nasopharyngeal
swabs will be obtained through the existent mechanisms for COVID-19 testing at UAB. Follow-up
would consist of daily phone/internet contact for 7 days unless subjects acquire symptoms
consistent with COVID-19, in which case they will be followed until resolution of their
symptoms or for a maximum of 30 days.
Drug: Tranexamic acid
Oral administration of blinded medications
Drug: Placebo
Oral administration of blinded medications
Inclusion Criteria:
- self-reported close exposure to individuals who test positive for COVID-19 virus
Exclusion Criteria:
- pregnancy, allergy to study drugs, history of hypercoagulability or hypocoagulability,
use of anticoagulant medications, seizures, presence of intravascular stents or other
instrumentation that may lead to the formation of blood clots