Introduction: SARS-CoV2 infection produces severe pneumonia with pulmonary alveolar collapse. There is no specific treatment to date. In experimental models and humans with septic shock, there is a high production of nitric oxide (NO) and reactive nitrogen species (RNS) and can cause multiple organ failure. The administration of antioxidants such as n-acetylcysteine (NAC), vitamin C, melatonin, and vitamin E participate in increasing the intracellular content of GSH, ROS sequestration, protection of the lipids of cell membranes, cytosol proteins, nuclear DNA, mitochondrial and decrease LPO. Justification: as there is no specific antiviral therapy, the therapeutic options are limited, complications and mortality are high; It is intended to evaluate the effect of antioxidants on the storm outcome of the dysregulation of oxidative stress. Hypothesis: It is postulated that adjuvant therapy with antioxidants and Pentoxifylline reduces the use of ventilators in patients with or without septic shock secondary to severe SARS-COV2 pneumonia as decreases lipoperoxidation, and corrects dysregulation of oxidative stress by increasing the antioxidant capacity. Objectives: To evaluate whether it is possible to avoid intubation or decrease assisted mechanical ventilation days, improve oxidative stress dysregulation in patients with SARS-COV2 infection with severe pneumonia with or without septic shock. Methodology: Quasi-experimental, open analytical, prospective, and longitudinal study (before-after). In patients over 18 years of age who are admitted to the CITIBANAMEX Center with or without septic shock secondary to severe SARS-COV2 pneumonia. There will be two groups: 1) patients without septic shock and 2) patients with septic shock secondary to severe pneumonia due to SARS-COV2. A single antioxidant will be applied following the clinical decision tree (NAC, Vit C, Vit E, melatonin) more Pentoxifylline orally or by orogastric tube for a total of 5 days from the start of the protocol. APACHE II will calculate the risk, SOFA, MEXSOFA, measurements of IL-8, vitamin C, NO3 / NO2, LOP, total antioxidant capacity will be carried out at baseline and 48 hours. SOFA will be calculated for seven days, in addition to days of hospitalization, days of mechanical ventilation. It was evaluated 28 days after discharge by telephone.
I. Background
The SARS-CoV-2 virus has a positive-sense RNA, with a genome of approximately 27-32 kb in
length. COVID-2019 infection causes severe pneumonia that turns into a pulmonary alveolar
collapse within a few hours and leads to the cessation of oxygen exchange. The incubation
period for the virus is 2 to 10 days, and the clinical spectrum of the disease ranges from
asymptomatic infection to severe respiratory failure. There is elevated lymphopenia, lactate,
creatinine, and kinase dehydrogenase, and higher concentrations of interleukins such as
IL-1β, IL-5, IL-7, IL-8, IL-9, IL-10, IL-15, IL-12p70, FGF, GCSF, GMCSF, IFNγ, IP10, MCP1,
MIP1A, MIP1B, PDGF, TNF-α and VEGF.
There is no treatment for the definitive cure of COVID-19, and there is no vaccine that
allows prevention. Considering that the best management choice is to reestablish hemodynamic
status, stop organ failure, improve anti-inflammatory conditions, and improve redox status,
management strategies could not be randomized since individual conditions change, and
patients may have comorbidities at first. The studies that support antioxidant therapy in
septic management range from those carried out in vitro, in vivo in an animal model and
humans, so the evidence makes it necessary that patients treated with specific antiviral
drugs, or antibiotics, receive at the same time nutritional supplement and antioxidants.
The data that support each of the antioxidants as therapy in septic shock are mentioned
below.
1. N-ACETYL CYSTEINE.
The administration of N-acetylcysteine (NAC), a glutathione (GSH) precursor, as a
strategy to limit oxidative lung injury has been proposed since it increases the
intracellular content of GSH. Alterations in GSH metabolism, in alveoli and lung tissue,
are a central feature in many lung diseases. NAC increases the synthesis of GSH,
increases glutathione-S-transferase (GST) activity, and has a direct action on free
radicals (ROS). The application of NAC reduces levels of IL-8, IL-6, ICAM. NAC in
patients with septic shock is associated with a shorter time on mechanical ventilation
and fewer days of stay in the ICU.
The application of NAC reduces levels of IL-8, IL-6, ICAM. NAC in patients with septic
shock is associated with a shorter time on mechanical ventilation and fewer days of stay
in the ICU. NAC uptake and intracellular concentration can be increased through the use
of liposomes (L-NAC). NAC supplementation in animals exposed to lipopolysaccharides
(LPS) reduced lung edema, lipoperoxidation (OLP), ACE damage, chloramine concentration,
and concentrations of the eicosanoids thromboxane and leukotrienes (LTB2 and LTB4) in
the lung. In clinical trials, supplementation with a bolus of 150 mg/kg NAC followed by
50 mg/kg/day of NAC for four days in patients with acute lung injury ALI or ARDS
improved the oxygenation rate from day 1 to 4 and reduced mortality.
2. MELATONIN
Melatonin (MT) has been shown to possess ROS-sequestering properties, protects lipids in
cell membranes, cytosol proteins, and nuclear and mitochondrial DNA.
Furthermore, in another study, MT demonstrated anti-apoptotic, antioxidant, and
pleiotropic anti-inflammatory effects in vitro and in vivo as direct elimination
activity against ROS and stimulation of antioxidant enzymes, such as CAT, SOD, GPx, GR,
and gamma-glutamylcysteine synthase, MT can accumulate within the mitochondria and thus
reduce the local excess production of ROS, which is typical in dysfunctional
mitochondria during sepsis. Based on these favorable preliminary data, randomized
control trials are warranted to assess TM's efficacy and safety as an add-on treatment
in COVID-19 sepsis. The previously mentioned studies have recommended its use in sepsis,
which should be considered in COVID-19 since it is also accessible, and its cost is low,
making it possible to weigh the risk/benefit in the event of a pandemic.
3. VITAMIN C
Ascorbic acid, or vitamin C, is a water-soluble antioxidant that functions as a cofactor
for multiple enzymes. It is absorbed at the intestinal level through the
sodium-dependent transporter of vitamin C, filtered freely in the glomerulus, and
reabsorbed at the proximal tubule level through the same transporter. Ascorbic acid
inhibits the production of superoxide (O2-) and peroxynitrite (OONO-) by inhibiting
superoxide-producing NADPH oxidase (O2-) and inducible nitric oxide (iNOS) mRNA
expression, which prevents the abundant production of nitric oxide (NO) that generates
peroxynitrite (OONO-) in the presence of O2-.
4. PENTOXIFILINA.
Pentoxifylline is a xanthine drug indicated in some severe alcoholic hepatitis; it also acts
on the plasma membrane of red blood cells and makes it more malleable, thus improving blood
perfusion. Pentoxifylline exerts several antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities, such
as reducing the restoration of GSH levels, maintaining mitochondrial viability, inhibiting
the production of TNF-α, preserving vascular endothelial functions, and also supplementation
with antioxidants has been reported better oxygenation rates, higher GSH, and more robust
immune response. Also, there was a reduction in hospital stay length, the time of mechanical
ventilation, the length of the ICU stays, the multiple organ dysfunction rate, and the
mortality rate in patients with ALI / ARDS.
II. Research question
Will the administration of adjuvant therapy with specific antioxidant and pentoxifylline in
patients with or without septic shock secondary to severe pneumonia due to COVID-19, will it
avoid the use of mechanical ventilation, reduce the time of use of a mechanical ventilator,
days of hospital stay, decrease the lipoperoxidation and will it increase the antioxidant
capacity in patients admitted to intensive care?
III. Justification
In this COVID-19 pandemic, severe pneumonia and septic shock are the leading cause of
morbidity and mortality in intensive care units worldwide. In this sense, and based on the
discoveries of recent years in the field of oxidative stress, including those recently found
in our group, it is necessary to report results on new treatments capable of reducing the
deleterious inflammatory response and the redox state. In patients with pneumonia and septic
shock. The situation that currently occurs in patients who progress to severity due to
infection with COVID-19.
Septic shock has been presented in other viral diseases such as Middle East Respiratory
Syndrome Coronavirus (MERS-CoV) detected for the first time in Saudi Arabia, in which it
exhibited a wide range of presentations at the time of diagnosis, similar to SARS-COv2 from
patients without symptoms, subtle signs of pneumonia or multiorgan failure, with the capacity
to cause the death of which the possible therapeutic interventions with antioxidants have
been proposed since then that have been proposed for the new virus through the conclusions
based on systematic reviews.
Many viral diseases such as SARS-CoV, although clinical data are limited, can develop
moderate and severe septic shock and increase ROS and RNS production, which is associated
with overexpression of iNOS, NADP oxidases, cyclooxygenase two, and xanthine oxidase, which
activates transcription factors such as NF-B resulting in an exacerbated pro-inflammatory
host response. Also, O2 and ONOO participate as an essential mediator of pro-inflammatory
interleukin production. These will continue to stimulate the production and release of more
ROS and RNS that can interfere with mitochondrial respiration since mitochondrial dysfunction
is commonly induced in an environment of septic shock. Therefore, antioxidant treatment may
be a way to avoid excessive inflammation associated with a history of high oxidation in
COVID-19 patients.
With this study, we intend to evaluate the effect of the use of antioxidants on outcomes in
storm regulation due to dysregulation of oxidative stress, shortening of ventilator use, days
of stay, and clinical repercussion through the measurement of organ dysfunction in six
different systems, using the SOFA score before and after the intervention, in critically ill
patients due to SARS-Cov2 infection.
IV. Hypothesis
It is hypothesized that adjuvant therapy with antioxidants and pentoxifylline reduces
ventilator use in patients with or without septic shock secondary to severe COVID-19
pneumonia and decreases lipoperoxidation and corrects dysregulation of oxidative stress
through the increase of antioxidant capacity.
V. Primary objective
Provide combined antioxidant therapy as an adjunct to standard therapy for patients with or
without septic shock secondary to severe SARS-COV2 pneumonia to evaluate whether it is
possible to avoid intubation, reduce days of assisted mechanical ventilation, and improve
stress dysregulation oxidant leading to multiple organ failure.
VI. Secondary objective
1. Evaluate the prevalence of comorbidity in patients with or without septic shock and
severe SARS-CoV2 pneumonia in the ICU.
2. To evaluate the effect of adjuvant antioxidant therapy in reducing days with the
ventilator and days of hospital stay in patients
3. Analyze the effect on organ failure in five devices and systems (neurological,
respiratory, hemodynamic, hepatic, hematological) of each of the therapies implemented
in the different systems evaluated with the SOFA score.
4. Measure lipoperoxidation in basal and post-therapy samples
5. Measure the antioxidant capacity in basal and post-therapy samples.
6. Measure IL-6 in basal and post-therapy samples.
7. Measure procalcitonin, CRP, troponin, pro-BNP, ferritin, and D-dimer.
8. Determine the status of outcomes by comorbidity strata.
9. Document the use of ARA, ACE, SGLT2 inhibitors in patients with COVID-19.
10. Analyze the previous use of steroids and those who did not have it in a stratified way
VII. Methodology
Study design
It is a quasi-experimental, open analytical, prospective, and longitudinal (before-after)
study.
Sample size
The sample size calculation was based on studies that currently have mortality using Vitamin
C because there is no history of antioxidants in the clinical context. The sample size was
calculated using X2 to compare two independent proportions.
Therefore, it will be necessary to include 11 patients in each group if desired to obtain 80%
possibility (80% power) or 32 if the power is 99% to detect a mean difference of ≥3 in SOFA
between the groups. On the other hand, treatment will be possible in these patients, it will
be possible to measure the basal state of oxidative stress, and state three after the therapy
allows the use of small samples, as the patient is his control.
Statistic analysis
Continuous variables will be expressed as mean ± standard deviation or median with minimum
and maximum, depending on their distribution. Categorical variables will be expressed as
frequencies and percentages. The normality of the variables will be evaluated using the
Shapiro-Wilk or Shapiro-France test, depending on the sample size. Variables with normal
distribution will be analyzed with parametric tests (Student's t-test for independent
measurements or paired t-test for before-after measurements). While various non-parametric
tests were used (Mann-Whitney test, Kruskal-Wallis or Wilcoxon signed rank test, depending on
the particular case) to contrast variables without Gaussian distribution. Analysis of paired
samples (before-after) will be performed with Friedman or Wilcoxon and paired t-test,
depending on the distribution of the data. For multivariate analysis, a binary logistic
regression analysis will be performed. Also an analysis of repeated samples and panel data
testing different models (grouped model, model for longitudinal data, marginal approximation
model and multilevel model).
Drug: Vitamin C
Vitamin C. Tablet of 1 gr. A dose of 1 gr every 12 hours. Dissolve one tablet in a volume of 30 ml of water and administer it immediately, then rinse the glass with 10 ml of water and administer it to the patient. Protect from light at all times, as it is photosensitive.
Other Name: Antioxidant option 1
Drug: Vitamin E
Vitamin E. 800 mg tablet. 800 mg dose every 24 hours. Dissolve the capsule in 30 ml of hot water. The administration of vitamin E is recommended during or after meals since its absorption depends on pancreatic enzymes' presence.
Other Name: Antioxidant option 2
Drug: Melatonin
Melatonin Tablet 5 mg. A dose of 50 mg every 24 hours. Grind the 10 5 mg melatonin tablets (50 mg), levitate with 50 mL of Ora-plus (Transferring to a beaker with a magnetic stirrer). Maintain gentle agitation. "Rinse" the mortar with 10 mL of Ora-sweet. Add 30 mL of Ora sweet to the glass where the mixture is being made. Makeup with Ora-sweet cbp 100 mL Place label FL02 with legend Melatonin 50 mg / 20 mL. Protected from light (Dispense in a black bag that covers the transparent bag of the preparation)'s primary packaging) Give after breakfast.
Other Name: Antioxidant option 3
Drug: N-acetyl cysteine
N-acetylcysteine. Tablets, 600 mg. 600 mg dose every 12 hours. Dissolve one tablet in a volume of 30 ml of water and administer it immediately, then rinse the glass with 10 ml of water and administer it to the patient.
Other Name: Antioxidant option 4
Drug: Pentoxifylline
Pentoxifylline. 400 mg tablets. 400 mg dose every 12 hours. The tablet is dissolved in 30 ml of water and is administered orally or nasogastric tube.
Other Name: Pentofifylline ER
Inclusion Criteria:
- Patients admitted to the UTC in the Temporary COVID-19 Citibanamex Center with
suspected or diagnosed severe pneumonia due to SARS-COV2 with or without septic shock.
- Patients who accept and sign informed consent. If the patient is clinically unable to
authorize, acceptance by a first-degree relative will be requested.
- Diagnosis of septic shock in the last 24 hours characterized by refractory hypotension
and vasopressor requirement despite adequate fluid resuscitation (20 mL/kg of colloids
or 40 mL/kg of crystalloids) to maintain a blood pressure ≥ 65 mmHg with lactate> two
mmol / L.
Exclusion Criteria:
- Patients with an advance directive format.
- Chronic use of steroids in the past six months or recent.
- Use of statins before admission.
- Patients who are under some antioxidant treatment.
- Any contraindication for the use of Vit C, Vit E, NAC, and melatonin.
- Pregnant women.
Unidad Temporal COVID-19 en Centro Citibanamex
Mexico City, Mexico